Bahrain Information: Bahrain on Wikipedia. Rome2Rio is a door-to-door travel information and booking engine, helping you get to and from any location in the. This land area is about 1. The demographics in the AOR create opportunities for tension and rivalry. You can visualize data for the current climatology through spatial variation, the. Bahrain is the smallest country in the Middle East and is Asia’s third smallest country, covering an area of only 295 square miles. The importer is required to submit the customs declaration in addition to the following documents for the importation of goods: Import customs declaration form. The satellite view and the map show Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, situated on an archipelago in the Persian Gulf off the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia, close to Qatar. The economy of Bahrain is heavily dependent upon oil and gas. 2023. The UN Information Center for the Gulf Countries (UNIC Manama) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on 20 November co-facilitated a. The Kingdom of Bahrain’s constitution, National Action Charter, and the latest legislative decrees, laws, royal decrees, and other decisions and announcements issued in the Kingdom of Bahrain. A Secluded Paradise. Health Improvement Strategy. HR02 Jobs In SaudiArabia Hiring for Largest Shipyard Building Ship Repair Ship Maintenance Projects. The fort is situated on a cliff overlooking the low desert valley that separates the old town of East Riffa from the new town of West Riffa. Aston Martin Aramco-Mercedes. 10. 1920's. NSA Bahrain is located in the Kingdom of Bahrain in the Middle East, within the archipelago Persian Gulf, and east of Saudi Arabia. 891 Bahrain jobs available on Indeed. The Polpo e patate (Octopus) and Salmon in Beccafico were two of the best app. These display as a single emoji on supported platforms. Foreign influence can be seen in the language in. The Bahrain country code is 973. 2. . Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa ( Arabic: حمد بن عيسى بن سلمان آل خليفة Hamed bin Îsâ bin Selmân Âl Halîfe; 28 January 1950) is King of Bahrain since 14 February 2002, after ruling as Emir of Bahrain from 6 March 1999. Novotel Bahrain Al Dana Resort. Bahrain is a relatively liberal state in comparison to other countries in the region. Single person estimated monthly costs: Dinar 695. Number of Entries: The number of times you may seek entry into the United States with that visa. bahrain skyline. Using the links above you can find the full weekend schedule, including details of practice and qualifying sessions, support races, press. Bahrain is the smallest country in the Middle East and is Asia’s third smallest country, covering an area of only 295 square miles. Bahrain is a small Island nation tucked away in the Persian gulf sharing its borders between Saudi Arabia and Qatar. Bahrain is thus one of the smallest countries in Asia by area and ranked 191st worldwide. It has. History . Key Facts Flag Bahrain is an archipelagic nation with a total territory of around 780 sq. When tradition and modern trends meet, the results can be mesmerizing. As a result it has become a wealthy nation. The population density in Bahrain is 1955 per Km 2 (5,062 people per mi 2). The country is famous for its petroleum-based economy, but it also boasts a relaxed, cosmopolitan culture that doesn’t exist in its neighboring countries. The highest point is the 122 meter Jabal ad Dukhan ("Mountain of Smoke"). Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain FAQ [email protected] Visa Selection Criteria. Bahrain Toll Free: 800 98888 KSA Toll Free: 8008973888 International: 0097377890020. BAHRAIN TOURISM & EXHIBITIONS AUTHORITY. But some Bahrainis may find scanty clothing or immoderate behaviour in public offensive. Conceived and designed by Krohn and Hartvig Rasmussen, the outstanding building is characterized by its white travertine marble facade and is centrally located on an artificial peninsula overlooking the island of Muharraq. In Bahrain, unlike in other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, there are ancient springs of fresh water, though nowadays, more than half of the fresh water consumed is obtained by seawater desalination here as well. This is the total monthly salary including bonuses. The Post Office was established in 1873 when Kutchi merchants established a post office in Manama. Bahrain is a tolerant country but visitors will avoid giving offence if they observe a few courtesies, especially with regard to dress. Preparations Continue to Register Pilgrimage Routes “Darb Zubaydah” On Tentative List as Transnational Serial Property, The Arab Regional Center for World Heritage Schedules a. bh; Helpful tips before applyingThere are thin and light underwear items – a shirt and pants. Bahrain’s 4,000+ year old history as a commercial crossroads has created a legacy of diversity and acceptance. 99 and get your visa in 7 days (service fee and visa cost included). Bahrain’s healthcare expenditures – both for inpatient and outpatient services – have increased. One of the most important and historic locations in Bahrain is the Qal'at al-Bahrain, an extensive archaeological site which contains traces of various cultures. km in the Persian Gulf. Bahrain was the first location in the region in which oil reserves were discovered. S. ) 1,603,000. Statistics. The GOB stipulated through. Located in the center of the main island of Bahrain, Riffa has several historic jewels, preserved through the centuries. Browse 160,914 authentic bahrain stock photos, high-res images, and pictures, or explore additional bahrain flag or bahrain skyline stock images to find the right photo at the right size and resolution for your project. Bahrain's capital city is Manama. The Bahrain Defence Force (BDF) is the military force of the Kingdom of Bahrain. The U. Download flag of Bahrain. Census Records. It is considered a part of the Middle East and is an archipelago made up of 33 islands. The capital of Bahrain is Manama. The Royal Bahrain army flag that features a green field. Manama. 15. A good place to start With is the Bahrain National Museum where you can learn about. With a per capita GDP of $25,300 in 2006, Bahrain was ranked 35th on. Ministry of Industry & Commerce (MOIC) Labour Market Regulatory Authority (LMRA) Bahrain Authority for Culture & Antiquities. Bahrain - Culture, Traditions, Heritage: Bahrain’s island location has made it unique among Persian Gulf states. Shopping Malls. History of Bahrain. The weather is very hot from June to August. bh) Visa Cancellation. The Central Bank of Bahrain ('CBB') is a public corporate entity established by the Central Bank of Bahrain and Financial Institutions Law 2006. Digital Economy. EFS facilities services offers multicultural professional employment for its associates. Explore Government Customer Service Centers Evaluation Details & Booklet. Discover the complete list of countries whose nationals are eligible for online or electronic visa. CENTCOM area of responsibility (AOR) spans more than 4 million square miles and is populated by more than 560 million people from 25 ethnic groups, speaking 20 languages with hundreds of dialects and confessing multiple religions which transect national borders. Bahrain. Oscar Piastri, Nyck de Vries and Logan Sargeant made their. The country shares maritime borders with Iran, Qatar. The national flag is located on the top left-hand corner while a crowned coat of arms is at the center. Situated on the Persian Gulf, Bahrain is a small archipelago made up of Bahrain Island and some 30 smaller islands. eGovernment App Store. 55. Categories: Archeology & Heritage, Top Must-do's. Ambassador of Bahrain to US: Bahrain’s commitment to openness in its foreign policies and enhancing security and stability of regionThe CBB Law represents a significant modernization and simplification of Bahrain’s financial services legislation, as well as marks the final stage in the creation of a single regulator for Bahrain’s financial services industry. The island state is situated in an inlet of the Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf) known as the Gulf of Bahrain, about 25 km (16 mi) to the east of the Saudi Arabian coast. Bahrain, officially known as the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country located in West Asia. So, reducing energy consumption can inevitably help to reduce emissions. According to the Minister of Labour and Social Development, over 10,000 new Bahraini employees were hired in the private sector during the first quarter of 2020. Sheikh Salman bin Ahmed Fort, also known as Riffa Fort because of its location, offers the best view of the Hunanaiya Valley. Bahrain has one of the most ethnically diverse societies in the world, owing to the cosmopolitan nature of its population. For a treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see Arabia, history of. According to Bahraini government. For history lovers, there is the rich heritage of ancient civilizations, which date back to over 5,000 years, with many temples and burial mounds to explore. Marassi Al Bahrain Sales Centre, Diyar Al Muharraq, Manama, Bahrain. Bahrain is situated between Qatar and the northeastern coast of Saudi Arabia, to which it is connected by the King Fahd Causeway. S. 0275° N, 50. The Kingdom of Bahrain has many different attractions to cater to a myriad of interests. Bahrain manufactures aluminum products, tiles and cement blocks, plastics, asphalt, paper products, wheat flour, and soft drinks. Browse Getty Images' premium collection of high-quality, authentic Bahrain stock photos, royalty-free images, and pictures. It has been held, with brief interruptions, by the ruling. With greater access to ocean travel and broader exposure to outside influences, Bahrain traditionally has been home to a more ethnically and religiously diverse and cosmopolitan population than have other, more insular gulf states. Located in Manama, 3. For 2023, Bahrain is ranked 79 of 145 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP review. Bahrain is an island nation in the Middle East. Bahrain is known for its cosmopolitanism, Bahraini citizens are very ethnically diverse. The base is the most important one in this area and […] As post-COVID-19 global economic recovery continues, Bahrain’s real gross domestic product (GDP) rose by 2. Conceived and designed by Krohn and Hartvig Rasmussen, the outstanding building is characterized by its white travertine marble facade and is centrally located on an artificial peninsula overlooking the island of Muharraq. Discover economic indicators for Bahrain, such as GDP, GNP and FDI to use in your data forecasts and economic reports on the Bahrain`s economy with CEIC. It is known for its petroleum reserves,offshore banking and tourism. The Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO)’s inception in 1929 marked the start of a radical transformation whose impact was felt in Bahrain and across the region. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. MANAMA, BAHRAIN +973 - 17155363; benayat@iga. Blinken and Bahrain’s crown prince, Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, signed the pact, called the “Comprehensive Security Integration and Prosperity Agreement,” on Wednesday in Washington. 207. bh) Apply for Golden Residency Visa. Or better yet, try them all. The island is one of Bahrain’s natural beaches nestled around a lagoon and artificial reef. This location means there are essentially two seasons: hot summers and relatively mild winters. 3 square km. 16. Homosexual acts were first criminalised in Bahrain as sodomy while it was a protectorate of the British. Updated September 2023 Travellers from numerous countries looking to visit Bahrain temporarily can now apply for Bahrain’s visa-on-arrival facility hassle-free. CBB Law Amendment No. An innovative, flexible and adaptable space that is able to cater to every type of event from large conventions and exhibitions to meetings, entertainment, concerts, gala, events and celebrations. Best Places to Stay: Hawar Beach Hotel, Bahrain Beach Resort, Jaw Resort & Spa, Marina Residence Canal View, Al Areen Palace & Spa by Accor. During Ramadan, eating, drinking and smoking in public is strictly prohibited, and offenders risk a fine or even a jail term. The Kingdom of Bahrain is a Middle Eastern archipelago in the Persian Gulf, tucked into a pocket of the sea flanked by Saudi Arabia and Qatar. 5th Fleet. Bahrain Calendar. Restaurants will be closed during daylight - while they may appear to be open after. Bahrain@eaglehills. Sitra. The 2004 Grand Prix was the first held in the Middle. at 1-888-407-4747 (toll-free in the United States and Canada) or 1-202-501-4444 (from all other countries) from 8:00 a. Bahrain has been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family since the 18th century. The Bharat creates an explosion of infused flavors in your mouth while the Loomi gives the dish just the right kick of taste. Bahrain. bahrain map. The thobe is loose-fitting and has sewn sleeves, and the upper part of the garment covers the whole body. Super Rush process: This is your last but fastest option. S. For 3,000 years, trade was the primary source of income for the people of what would become the Kingdom of Bahrain; when trade with India began to decline, Bahrain suffered. Bahrain has a population of 1,58 million people (in 2021), including more than 800,000 non-nationals (53%). eVisa application. 8 Fabulous 1,751 reviews. gov. Discover the appeal of experiencing both times of year in. It is divided into 1000 fils (فلس). About 25% of the site has been excavated, revealing structures of different types: residential, public. The 2011 Bahraini uprising was a series of anti-government protests in Bahrain led by the Shia -dominant and some Sunni minority Bahraini opposition from 2011 until 2014. Shipping agent delivery order from shipping agent line to importer/consignee (with valid commercial registration) Three copies of the original invoices from the exporter addressed to. Reissued with obsolete COVID-19 page links removed. Bahrain berada dalam kelompok kepulauan antara Semenanjung Qatar dan sebelah timur laut pesisir. 4 billion in 2018, following a shortfall of $1. Issue entry permit for GCC resident -Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs and Ports Security. There are a good number of Indians and Pakistanis in Bahrain and they often speak Urdu, Hindi or Malayalam. - Issuance of Laissez-passer to facilitate the return to the Kingdom of Bahrain for newborns, and for those who are exposed to theft or. The Ambassador of the Kingdom of Bahrain to the United States of America, Shaikh Abdullah bin Rashid Al Khalifa, met the New York Police. Bahrain Island ( Arabic: جزيرة البحرين Jazīrah al-Baḥrayn ), also known as al-Awal Island [1] and formerly as Bahrein, [2] [3] is the largest island within the archipelago of Bahrain, [4] and forms the bulk of the country's land mass while hosting the majority of its population. 34 of 2015. Area of Bahrain: 665 square kilometres (257 sq mi) - 189th largest country. bahrain city. The strata of the 300 × 600 m tell testify to continuous human presence from about 2300 BC to the 16th century AD. Among the non-Bahraini population, many people speak Farsi, the official language of Iran, or Urdu, the official language of Pakistan. Over the last 17 years, the circuit has delivered some of the iconic moments of modern-day F1, from the duel in the desert in 2014 to the thrilling opener of 2021, Bahrain consistently delivers a spectacle under the desert night sky. It began when Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt severed their bilateral relations with Qatar and subsequently banned Qatar-registered aircraft and Qatari ships from utilizing their. You can book your ticket for any available event. Canada. 987. Scan the QR code or click the link below to download the app: Download for. Monday, November 20, 2023. Bahrain was the first country in the region to diversify away from oil and gas 40 years ago. MANAMA, BAHRAIN +973 - 17155363; [email protected] manufactures aluminum products, tiles and cement blocks, plastics, asphalt, paper products, wheat flour, and soft drinks. The view outside is matched by the sleek inside of this American-style steakhouse, equally famous for its seafood as its prime beef. Yes that is right, the Bahraini Dinar is much stronger than the USD. Wed 24 Jan. The ambassador of the Kingdom of Bahrain to the Federal Republic of Germany, Mr. First off, you should know three things: Most places in Bahrain are already well-versed in English (3-5 star hotels, shopping malls, banks. Bahrain is an island state in the Persian Gulf. Population: (2023 est. For any website, blog, scientific. Kitchen/Service Crew Required ! - Juffair. We believe in continuously improving the environment that our employees thrive in. The Bahrain national football team ( Arabic: منتخب الْبَحرَيْن لِكُرَّةُ الْقَدَم) represents Bahrain in international football and is controlled by the Bahrain Football Association, which was founded in 1951 and joined FIFA in 1966. We, the undersigned, recognize the importance of maintaining and strengthening peace in the Middle East and around the world based on mutual understanding and coexistence, as well as respect for human dignity and freedom, including religious freedom. (through Bahrain. Exhibition World Bahrain is a stunning piece of architecture that embraces the rich Arabic art and culture within its design. You can find out more information on upcoming shows on the Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities. Personal Apperance: Bahraini dress is influenced by the Islamic and Arab Bedouin roots. The Bahraini government has effectively silenced political opposition in the country through political isolation laws that effectively barred members of the. Extreme points of Bahrain. Saudi Arabia lies to the west across the Gulf of Bahrain. Bahrain was one of the first states in the Gulf to discover oil and to build a refinery. Bahrain Seeks to Balance Anger Over Gaza With Ties to Israel, US. Get Manama's weather and area codes, time zone and DST. Bahrain is a country with a predominantly Muslim population, with about 70% Shia and 30% Sunni Muslims. For Manama’s twelve months of tenure, Bahrain Tourism and Exhibitions Authority has assembled a programme of exciting, entertaining and informative events to promote the Kingdom of Bahrain as one of the. 15. This is for informational purposes only. Physical map of Bahrain. 0 mi). Bahrain Manama, Bahrain Show On Map. S. The country hosts a population of around 1,234,571 of which a significant. Tourist map of Bahrain. Most of the population of Bahrain is concentrated in the. Bahrain is known for publishing the most number of books in the Arab world. The Government has a Minister of Defence Affairs responsible of BDF representation in the Cabinet. Italian, Southern-Italian $$ - $$$ Menu. Arabic is the official language of Bahrain, but English is widely spoken. Bahrain/Saar Mobile 3 GB eSIM for 30 days, costing 12 USD – most popular with Phone Travel Wiz readers. Formula 1 embarks on a record-breaking 24-race season next year, an. Sandstorms and dust storms are common. As part of the global RCSI community, our undergraduate programmes deliver the world-respected healthcare teaching that RCSI has become famous for. Authorities continued to restrict freedoms of expression and assembly and to hold prisoners for exercising these rights. 2002 October - Parliamentary elections. The Riffa Bazaar and the Bukuwara Street Market are the best places to go find some souvenirs, from crafts to pieces of. Visa Extension. Below are key statistics from WHO’s Global Health Observatory. 2 percent in 2021 while nominal GDP rose by 11. Lovie C. 01 Mb Go to Map. The country's capital, Manama is home to many large financial structures. Full travel advice: Safety. bh) Ministry of Interior Websites. 0 in 2015. m. It is used in business and is a compulsory second language in schools. Nisrine Abiad identifies Bahrain, Iran, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia as states with "strong constitutional consequences" of Sharia "on the organization and functioning of power". *Ministry of Foreign Affairs' is responsible for coordinating and implementing all matters related to the nation's foreign policy, Bahrain's relations with other countries and international organizations, and to protecting the interests of Bahraini citizens abroad. Zambia (Conditions apply) 208. It’s what makes this village a must-visit for anyone interested in relaxing by one of Bahrain’s most beautiful beaches. Ambassador of Bahrain to US: Bahrain’s commitment to openness in its foreign policies and enhancing security and stability of regionQal’at al-Bahrain is a typical tell – an artificial mound created by many successive layers of human occupation. Introduction. World Device. com to compare ships prior to booking, then explore your ship and ports of call before you cruise and let your. Human Rights Watch and the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy. 99. The ruler of Al. In Bahrain, the traditional garment worn by men is a long, white (sometimes beige) robe called a “thobe. We are the only school in the Kingdom of Bahrain delivering Philippine Department of Education-approved K-12 education to the Filipino children of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) in the Kingdom. The current head of the family is Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. The Council of Ministers ( Cabinet) is appointed directly by the King (Article 33d). Among the consular services that can be provided to citizens of the Kingdom abroad, and foreigners are: - Replacement of Bahraini passports. 1 day ago · MANAMA, Nov 24 (Reuters) - Bahrain has been walking a political tightrope since war erupted in Gaza as it seeks to ease public fury at a conflict that has killed. In the early stage of the Islamic era, Bahrain was given the name. It has been inhabited since ancient times and was the seat of the ancient Sumerian kingdom of Dilmun. Bahrain is a banking and financial services hub and regional home to many multinational firms. The U. Bahrain flag. Webcam updating in 25 seconds. [2] Bahrain, small Arab state situated in a bay on the southwestern coast of the Persian Gulf. Gov Centers Evaluation. The CBB is responsible for maintaining monetary and financial stability in the Kingdom of Bahrain. m. The first walking Food Tour in Bahrain We designed our tour where you will get a balanced mixed of Culture, History, & Food ⛵️ As we say in our PinkAlien Food Tours "Leave Some SPACE for Food". For Manama’s twelve. Bahrain Seeks to Balance Anger Over Gaza With Ties to Israel, US. 6. The capital and largest city is Manama. Information should be used to build a strong understanding of current climate conditions in order to appreciate future climate scenarios and projected change. Zimbabwe. 2002 May - Local elections are held, Bahrain's first poll for almost 30 years. By SamAsh07. You may also be eligible for Living Quarters Allowance (LQA, a foreign area housing and utilities allowance for eligible Federal. Use cruiseastute. Bahrain was a central location of the ancient Dilmun civilization. 6 mi), it serves as the sole border crossing between the two countries and is used for connecting Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province to Bahrain's Northern Governorate through the King. Naval Forces Central Command and United States Fifth Fleet. Among the consular services that can be provided to citizens of the Kingdom abroad, and foreigners are: - Replacement of Bahraini passports. Although the museum is fascinating in every facet, its Dilmun-era collection is its true treasure. Iran Major port cities on the Persian Gulf are Bandar-e Mahshahr, Bushehr, Bandar Lengeh, and Bandar Abbas. The current Bahrain visa fees valid as of March 2020 are as follows:Demographics of Bahrain, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of permanent inhabitants in thousands. Bahrain Crown Prince calls on Hamas to release Israeli hostages. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews. Ambassador William A. It numbers about 18,000 personnel [1. Simplify your travel planning with our comprehensive guide. Bahrain, together with other Gulf Countries, has a history of intra-regional overseas contract workers. The cheapest 3-star hotel room in Bahrain found on KAYAK in the last 2 weeks was $26, while the most expensive was $187. Family of four estimated monthly costs: Dinar 1,296. Embassy Manama was opened on September 21, 1971, with John N. Bahrain berada dalam kelompok kepulauan antara Semenanjung Qatar dan sebelah timur laut pesisir. The number of consular services undertaken by the Division is 28. Family law. 64 of 2006. 1. bh) Visa Cancellation (through Bahrain. Occupying the original territory of the British Royal Navy base known as HMS Jufair, USN presence was established on-site during World War II. Weekend. Bahrain has a seamless blending of Islamic and modern cultures. On top of a thobe, men sometimes put a woolen cloak called “ bisht ”. It generally pursues a policy of close consultation with neighbouring states and works to narrow areas of disagreement. Medical Prescriptions Delivery. MORE. Bahrain was alternately occupied by Babylonians, Sumerians, Greeks, Persians, Portuguese, Turks, and others. Bahrain was a dependency of the Persian Empire when in 1783, the Bani Utbah tribe led by Al Khalifa invaded it from their base in Al Zubarah ( British Protectorate of Qatar ). About. Simplify your visa application process with the NPRA mobile app, now available on iOS and Android. For further assistance on BIA's parking offerings, kindly contact +97336022075 or +97317139522. The UAE is bordering Oman and Saudi Arabia and has maritime borders with Iran. | vfsglobal - vfsglobal. . It lies at the northeast tip of Bahrain island, in the Persian Gulf. 21 August. Sitra, Bahrain (Al Bander Hotel) The island of Sitra sits in the Persian Gulf and is located on the eastern edge of Bahrain. bh) Visa Cancellation (through Bahrain. bh) Discover the complete list of countries whose nationals are eligible for an on-arrival visa. The dwarf state has a total area of only 778 km² (300 mi²) and a total coastline of 161 km (100. Venture deep into the cultural and historical heart of Bahrain and catch a glimpse of its future. [1] He is the son of Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, the previous and first emir. 9 percent for the same year. In the middel of the Bahrainian desert, as part of its oilfields, first discoverd in the 1930s, stands this momument of…. Vietnam. In the early stage of the Islamic era, Bahrain was given the. miles)Bahrain is a small Island nation tucked away in the Persian gulf sharing its borders with Saudi Arabia and Qatar. Overview. The largest island of Bahrain is Bahrain Island and as such, it is where most of the country's population and economy are based. Legality of same-sex sexual acts. Posted 3 days ago. 860x1793px / 437 Kb Go to Map. Bahrain is a member of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC. Massage Ayur/ Therap Treatment & S P A Waxing Se. NSA Bahrain covers the busiest 152 acres in the world. The uniqueness of this dish comes from the use of Bahrat (a special spice blend) and Loomi (dried lime). 1. 1960's. The Al Khalifa are Sunni Islam. Large detailed map of Bahrain. Anyway, the following three Airalo Bahrain Saar Mobile eSIMs are available: Bahrain/Saar Mobile 1 GB eSIM for 7 days, costing 6 USD – very popular with Phone Travel Wiz readers. Description: Map showing the location of Bahrain on the World map. 2. Administrative map of Bahrain. Moda Mall - Bahrain World Trade Center. Login to view send rates. Bahrain’s Sunni-led monarchy dominates state institutions, and elections for the lower house of parliament are no longer competitive or inclusive. Adult BHD 55.