This MATLAB function performs k-means clustering to partition the observations of the n-by-p data matrix X into k clusters, and returns an n-by-1 vector (idx) containing cluster indices of each observation. After that I have to call the pdist2 function to measure the cityblock distance. You can import vector and raster data from a wide range of file formats and web map servers. Copy. MY-by-N data matrix Y. Sign in to answer this question. Dec 17, 2014 at 14:41. It is much faster than computing the distances using a nested for loop. Rows of X and Y correspond to observations, That is, it works on the ROWS of the matrices. ^2); Sign in to comment. MATLAB 用于计算距离矩阵的内置函数是 pdist2。 这个 函数 做同样的事情，但也返回一个角度矩阵，它是每个可能的点对定义的角度。 此 函数 的局限性在于它仅计算欧几里得距离，并且仅适用于 2D。 In Matlab there exists the pdist2 command. But it's good to know that it's also slow :). Compute the Euclidean distance between pairs of observations, and convert the distance vector to a matrix using squareform. Your third party file c: oolboxclassifypdist2. Warnings of pdist2 'cosine'. If you need to create a list with the indeces, see the method below to avoid loops, since that was the real time-consuming part of your code, rather than the distance method itself. Note that the output will be of the size N x M x 2. Generate Code. To do that you'd have to use the algorithm I outlined. '); (with the transpositions required for the orientation of the matrices) To get the individual x and y distances, the easiest way I can think of is using repmat:If you don't have access to the MATLAB Mapping toolbox then a simple approximation is to use the Haversine formula. Find Nearest Points Using Custom Distance Function. I used this MATLAB function to compute the distance matrix Dists = pdist2(fruchterman_graph(:,:),fruchterman_graph(:,:),'euclidean'); but it fails on large networks for both speed and finally memory. ) clear; % Erase all existing variables. You need to rename or delete c: oolboxclassifypdist2. Here’s how to calculate the L2 Euclidean distance between points in MATLAB. I've written this in Python before. Both images are of data type uint8. Idx = knnsearch (X,Y) finds the nearest neighbor in X for each query point in Y and returns the indices of the nearest neighbors in Idx, a column vector. m. Hello all, I am very new to Matlab and I am having quite a bit of difficulty understanding how to calculate the distance between pairs of points in a 2-D space. ',. for example,I have a binary image like this. pdist2 Pairwise distance between two sets of observations. The Mahalanobis distance is a measure between a sample point and a distribution. CanberraSimilarity. Sorted by: 1. distances =. Let X be an MxP matrix representing m points in P-dimensional space and Y be an NxP matrix representing another set of points in the same space. Sign in to answer this question. 7165 0. . Just wanted to let you know that pdist2 in MATLAB uses 'Euclidean' distance by default. More Answers (0) Sign in to answer this question. classperf (cp,classifierOutput) updates the classperformance object cp with the results of a classifier classifierOutput. – Nicky Mattsson. workspace; % Make sure the workspace panel is showing. Learn the Essentials, Build Skills. The dot of the i will have a lower y value of its centroid than the body of the i. Minkowski distance and pdist. . d = ( y − μ) ∑ − 1 ( y − μ). Copy. d(u, v) = max i | ui − vi |. –The distance between each sample in A and each sample in B can be calculated as follows: First, define a matrix D of size 75x50, s. 2 (R2019a) Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox Version 11. You can use the function pdist2 to measure the Hamming distance between the first and second row of data, the numerical representation of. 5; Segment the point cloud. 0. squareform returns a symmetric matrix where Z (i,j) corresponds to the pairwise distance between observations i and j. You need to rename or delete. kmeans를 사용하여 MATLAB®에서 군집을 생성하고 생성된 코드에서 pdist2를 사용하여 기존 군집에 새 데이터를 할당합니다. {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"":{"items":[{"name":"MyData. With this, the proposed method and pdist2 appear to be very close (and perhaps pdist2 is faster in some regimes). . Output argument <XX> (and possibly others). Inputs: an NxD feature matrix X_train where N is the number of training instances and D is the feature dimension, an Nx1 label vector y_train for the training instances, an MxD feature matrix X_test where M is the number of test instances, and; a scalar K. This MATLAB function performs k-medoids Clustering to partition the observations of the n-by-p matrix X into k clusters, and returns an n-by-1 vector idx containing cluster indices of each observation. I have written a function that is supposed to do the following: Take the distance between the two sets using pdist2 which code is shown here. m","path":"MyData. Then, for the second set, at each iteration, it will set the (i,j) location to 0 and calculate. . Mia on 11 May 2020 Perfect, thank you so much!! Have a lovely day <3 Sign in to comment. This is a very interesting suggestion and comparison. Create a matrix with three observations and two variables. map=logical (map+map. pdist. PostCSS Loader. dist = pdist2(d,centroids,distance); % distance between all data points and centroids I'd like to mention that I used matlab in system with windows 8 and following configuration : C/C++ Code Generation Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™. m is interfering with use of the pdist2 from the Statistics toolbox. You are using pdist2 with two equal input arguments ( X and Y are equal when you call kernel ). '); Sign in to comment. squareform returns a symmetric matrix where Z (i,j) corresponds to the pairwise distance between observations i and j. You need to rename or delete c: oolboxclassifypdist2. Use kmeans to create clusters in MATLAB® and use pdist2 in the generated code to assign new data to existing clusters. – Suever. matlab R2012a - 8. % pairwise mahalanobis distance with pdist2() E = pdist2(X,Y,'mahalanobis',S); % outputs an 50*60 matrix with each ij-th element the pairwise distance between element X(i,:) and Y(j,:) based on the covariance matrix of X: nancov(X) %{ so this is harder to interpret than mahal(), as elements of Y are not just compared to the "mahalanobis-centroid" based on X, % but to each individual element of. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. For more information, see Run MATLAB Functions in Thread-Based Environment. To save memory on the device, you can separate training and prediction by using kmeans and pdist2, respectively. ^2)); % D is the similarity matrix end end. I think it is not correct. I am not sure if the dice function can be used to compare two histograms, but you can use the function pdist2 to get a similarlity score between the histograms. This function can do both - it will function like pdist if only one set of observations is provided and will function like pdist2 if two. Goncalves. 9448. Edit. One way is to call regionprops() to get the centroids of the two blobs. It's hard to tell without knowing what dtw2 is. ), however at the end, it shows an important message. If you want to order the points from B by their distance to the r th point in A then you can sort the r th row of the pairwise distance matrix. Here is an excerpt from the link: Here is an excerpt from the link: The haversine formula is an equation important in navigation, giving great-circle distances between two points on a sphere from their longitudes and latitudes. Share. Tags matlab; array; Products MATLAB; Community Treasure Hunt. John D'Errico on 26 May 2019. Requested 128424x128424 (138. Computes the distance between m points using Euclidean distance (2-norm) as the distance metric between the. For code generation, define an. I want to compute the distance between a pair of samples, one in A, and one in B. Copy. the results that you should get by using the pdist2 are as follows : 92. clc; % Clear the command window. Use kmeans to create clusters in MATLAB® and use pdist2 in the generated code to assign new data to existing clusters. I selected a list of n red points for each green marker according to the above explanation. end. D = pdist2 (X,Y) returns a matrix D containing the Euclidean distances. It will take the distance between the two sets at the beginning. 1. computes the distance between objects in the data matrix, , using the method. All pixel values greater than or equal to high display as white. If you want the cosine, use 1-pdist2 (matrix1,matrix2,'cosine'). Usage notes and limitations: If you supply the argument that represents the order of the diagonal matrix, then it must be a real and scalar integer value. 2. It was written after reading papers about the topic. Js Goh on 18 Sep 2015. If you are looking to get 'ChiSquare' distance, please use. After reading through the documentation, it is a very versatile tool. Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help. pdist (Statistics Toolbox) Y = pdist (X,' Y = pdist (X,distfun,p1,p2,. tic; d2 = pdist2 (p1,pn); t2 (p) = toc; end. Feb 25, 2018 at 9:36. I hope that is a little clearer. Qiita Blog. which takes is expected to take a single value for alpha and a vector for beta and use a for loop to iterate through all the difference between alpha and each intry in beta. In this workflow, you must pass training data, which can be of considerable size. Utilice kmeans para crear grupos en MATLAB® y utilice pdist2 en el código generado para asignar nuevos datos a grupos existentes. Using pdist with two. workspace; % Make sure the workspace panel is showing. There are two main classes: pdist1 which calculates the pairwise distances between observations in one matrix and returns a distance matrix. Now I want to create a mxn matrix such that (i,j) element represents the distance from ith point of mx2 matrix to jth point of nx2 matrix. x is the n x d matrix representing q row vectors of size d . However, initially I. I'm trying to convert Matlab code to Python as project for an exam. Learn more about optimization MATLAB. Goncalves. rc = robustcov (u) rc = 2×2 0. Copy. % called the 2-norm, vector magnitude, or Euclidean length. Please refer to this MATLAB answer: comparison of two histograms using pdist2 - MATLAB Answers - MATLAB Central (mathworks. . Google it if you want the details. 6GB). If you want to order the points from B by their distance to the r th point in A then you can sort the r th row of the pairwise distance matrix. If the size of your mesh is not too large, you can always calculate the distance to every point and find the minimum. But, the function is easy to write and can be passed in as a handle to pdist2. Copy. Description. ^2 computes the distance matrix. sir is there any function to reduce row size. This norm is also. 9448. The less details have to be guessed, the more likely does the answer match your needs. This function does the same thing, but also. 这里 X 是 mx-by-n 维矩阵，Y 是 my-by-n 维矩阵，生成 mx-by-my 维距离矩阵 D。. 0364 0. Using a rule based on the majority vote of the 10 nearest neighbors, you can classify this new point as a versicolor. example. This can be modified as necessary, if one wants to apply distances other than the euclidean. Hot Network QuestionsNote that v here in many MATLAB functions can be set by itself, do not necessarily have to take the standard deviation, can be based on the importance of each variable to set different values, such as the Knnsearch function in the Scale property. md","path":"README. pdist2 returns the distance between each pair of observations in X and Y using the metric specified by Distance. Notes. mahal() function. 9448. Please refer to this MATLAB answer: comparison of two histograms using pdist2 - MATLAB Answers - MATLAB Central (mathworks. 9448. Given a matrix A of size [N,3] and a matrix B of size [M,3], you can use the pdist2 function to get a matrix of size [M,N] containing all the pairwise distances. 判别分析时，通常涉及到计算两个样本之间的距离，多元统计学理论中有多种距离计算公式。MATLAB中已有对应函数，可方便直接调用计算。距离函数有：pdist, pdist2, mahal, squareform, mdscale, cmdscale. I want to use pdist2 to return the indexes of the second smallest values instead of the values themselves. 6004 0. . Answers (1) pdist () does not accept complex-valued data for the distance functions that are not user-defined. ^2))) Now I want to change euclidean into chi-square distance, does anyone know how to calculate chi-square distance between two vectors? 2 Comments. 5 seconds julia 0. 2711 122. Use kmeans to create clusters in MATLAB® and use pdist2 in the generated code to assign new data to existing clusters. I simply call the command pdist2(M,N). In a MATLAB code I am using the kullback_leibler_divergence dissimilarity function that can be found here. . 判别分析时，通常涉及到计算两个样本之间的距离，多元统计学理论中有多种距离计算公式。MATLAB中已有对应函数，可方便直接调用计算。距离函数有：pdist, pdist2, mahal, squareform, mdscale, cmdscale. squareform returns a symmetric matrix where Z (i,j) corresponds to the pairwise distance between observations i and j. Location,labels) colormap (hsv (numClusters)) title ( 'Point Cloud Clusters') D can be the output of pdist or pdist2, or a more general dissimilarity vector or matrix conforming to the output format of pdist or pdist2, respectively. For a dataset made up of. 2 Answers. 5523 0. Have the corresponding function in MATLAB, direct call can be easily calculated. which -all pdist will list all the pdist MATLAB files in your MATLAB path. 欧氏距离(Euclidean Distance) 欧氏距离是最易于理解的一种距离计算方法，源自欧氏空间中两点间的距离公式。(1)二维平面上两点a(x1,y1)与b(x2,y2)间的欧. When rangesearch uses the k d-tree search algorithm, and the code generation build type is a MEX function, codegen (MATLAB Coder) generates a MEX function using Intel ® Threading Building Blocks (TBB) for parallel. What complicates things even more is the fact, that I have to exclude the current point (to which I'm trying to find the closest one); that's the purpos of my 'others' variable and the 2 pieces of code above and below the for-cycle. Compute the Euclidean distance between pairs of observations, and convert the distance vector to a matrix using squareform. minDistance = 0. The cosine similarity measure has been widely studied under different information environments. Your third party file c: oolboxclassifypdist2. how to calculate distance between points using pdist2 in Matlab. 5916 0. I need to build a for loop to calculate the pdist2 between the first row of A and all the rows of B, the second row of A and all. % accept a matrix ZJ with an arbitrary number of observations. You can define your own distance function to handle complex-valued data. I use the pdist2 function to calculate the the distance between the points stored in matr. Answers (2) You can do this with the pdist2 function. function Distance = euclidean (x,y) % This function replaces the function pdist2 available only at the Machine. Jim Lehane on 4 Mar 2013. distances = pdist2 (xySet1, xySet2);장치의 메모리를 절약하기 위해 각각 kmeans와 pdist2를 사용하여 훈련과 예측을 분리할 수 있습니다. ^2));. Matlab-pdist2函数用法. Mar 8, 2021 at 17:55. 3326 0. Hot Network Questions Why no neutral wire on Double-Pole Single Outlet?The loop is faster, because Matlab have to access the three used arrays X, Y and d6 locally only. For code generation, define an. . Here you can see which matrices are equal to which ones - 5th and 10th are equal to 1st, 6th and 7th are equal to 2nd and 9th is equal to 3rd. Generally, average cosine similarity values are used to find the degree of similarity between two. pdist2 Pairwise distance between two sets of observations. MATLAB function pdist is not working. The Chebyshev distance between two n-vectors u and v is the maximum norm-1 distance between their respective elements. Google it if you want the details. I need to find the minimum distance between the two bones, I am attaching two. pdist2 has no problem with the two inputs having different numbers of rows (try for example pdist2 (randn (5,2), randn (7,2)) ). For each observation in Y, PDIST2 finds the K smallest or largest distances by computing and comparing the distance values to all the observations in X. 0. Simple speed up for pdist and pdist2 3-10x+ (only for Euclidean distance) IIRC this can be done without repmat. Can someone help me to draw lines between a central point to the all others. matlab pdist2,matlab中pdist2函数; windows 10 bash change PS1; linxu中删除指定时间之前的文件shell脚本; react中如何做成 tab 切换的效果; __declspec的英文含义; 从零复现PyTorch版（3） webpack报错:Invalid options object. pdist2() is in the Statistics and Machine. Output image B takes on the characteristics of image A - it is an. Learn more about for loop, matrix, matlab, pdist MATLAB Hi everybody, i have two 3D matrix A and B with different lengths. Pass Z to the squareform function to reproduce the output of the pdist function. In this workflow, you must pass training data, which can be of considerable size. comparison of two histograms using pdist2. D = pdist (X) D = 1×3 0. Idx has the same number of rows as Y. This MATLAB function returns the distance between each pair of observations in X and Y using the metric specified by Distance. 3. So, do you know how to make the calcul inside the. For latitude and longitude, usually the haversine method is used. Viewed 434 times 0 I'm trying to compare the histogram of an image (hsv) with a cell array that contains the histograms of other images in order to find out the closest matches. Neighbors are defined as points whose Voronoi polygons share one or more (finite) vertices. It calculates all euclidean distances using the Matlab function pdist2 and saves it as matrix Rx. 9448. Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help you! Start Hunting!Learn more about pdist2, error, stats MATLAB Every time I want to use pdist2, I get the following error: Undefined function 'pdist2mex' for input arguments of type 'double'. e. 5:8; t1 = NaN (1,8); t2 = NaN (1,8);. Share. Now, it is confirmed that I do not have a license. For example, you can find the distance between observations 2 and 3. pix_cor= [2 1;2 2; 2 3]; x = pix_cor (:,1); y = pix_cor (:,2); Now, what does MATLAB do if you form differences like these? x - x'. function out = myAngDiff (alpha,beta) out = zeros (length (beta),1); for i=1:length (beta)If you have Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, you can simply use pdist2 to do that. mat that I upload there are the x and y. I need to build a for loop to calculate the pdist2 between the first row of A and all the rows of B, the second row of A and all. %. squareform returns a symmetric matrix where Z (i,j) corresponds to the pairwise distance between observations i and j. Rows of X and Y correspond to observations, That is, it works on the ROWS of the matrices. i am currently doing project on image processing in matlab,. BUT: The code shown here is 10-100 times faster, utilizing the. for one run, the function was called upon 27,245 times. Stack Overflow | The World’s Largest Online Community for Developers图像处理-Matlab 图像处理 去模糊 原文：原文地址曾经很长一段时间，对图像去模糊都有一种偏见，认为这是一个灌水的领域，没有什么实用价值，要到这样的文章，不管是多高的档次，直接pass。Learn more about cosine similarity, cosine distance, jaccard similarity, jaccard distance, similarity, dissimilarity, bin counts, histogram, histcount, pdist, pdist2, distance, vectors, arrays I would like to assess the similarity between two "bin counts" (that I previously derived through the "histcounts" function), by using the "pdist2. The idx that results will have as many rows as first_xyz has, and the value will be the index of which second_xyz row is closest to that point; the mindist value will tell you how close it is. Otherwise, you can also do that using basic MATLAB function, like: Theme. distfun must return an m2-by-1 vector of distances d2, whose kth element is the distance between XI. . There are two main classes: pdist1 which calculates the pairwise distances between observations in one matrix and returns a distance matrix. distfun must. example. Function Reference: pdist. figure. Rows of X and Y correspond to observations, That is, it works on the ROWS of the matrices. For a dataset made up of. 5 multi threads - foo4() (see below) - 4. 2. It computes the distances between rows of X. fCanberraDist = @. Free MATLAB and Simulink learning resources include interactive online courses, documentation and code examples, and how-to videos on product capabilities. function Distance = euclidean (x,y) % This function replaces the function pdist2 available only at the Machine. Anyway, when you have a built-in function in Matlab, it will almost always outperform hardcoded ones so just go with pdist2. Add a comment. e. Mahalanobis distance in matlab: pdist2() vs. However, pdist2 is an optimized method to calculate the euclidean distances between points in two vectors. Function File: y = pdist (x) Function File: y = pdist (x, metric) Function File: y = pdist (x, metric, metricarg,. This is the code which runs only on smallish graphs (not hundreds of thousands):Copy. . 这里 X 是 mx-by-n 维矩阵，Y 是 my-by-n 维矩阵，生成 mx-by-my 维距离矩阵 D。. All pixel values less than or equal to low display as black. Generate C code that assigns new data to the existing clusters. 1. pdist2 has no problem with the two inputs having different numbers of rows (try for example pdist2 (randn (5,2), randn (7,2)) ). 0. The nearest 6 nodes where chosen based on the Kd tree algorithm, using the pdist2 Matlab function. m that will compare the speeds of pdist2, the nested for loop, and knnsearch. PostCSS Loader. For example, this is a required step in the ICP point set registration algorithm. m. pydist2 is a python library that provides a set of methods for calculating distances between observations. I need to find equivalent data in two columns with different row numbers in Matlab. as arguments a 1-by-n vector XI, corresponding to a single row of X, and an m2-by-n matrix XJ, corresponding to multiple rows of X. 9448. Copy. The pairwise distances are arranged in the order (2,1), (3,1), (3,2). 1695. My code is as follows: for i=1:N % M,N is the size of the matrix x for whose elements I am computing similarity matrix for j=1:N D (i,j) = sqrt (sum (x (:,i)-x (:,j)). I followed the documentation of MATLAB where in order to calculate Mahalanobis Distance, I have to use pdist2:. 1482 0_pdist2 matlab. Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help you! Start Hunting!Hay una función correspondiente en Matlab, que es conveniente para llamar al cálculo. Continue reading "MATLAB –. mat file and we'll show you how you can use pdist2() to find close points. and pdist2() where I plotted all 3 of the closest pairs. Nov 8, 2013 at 9:26. One matrix has 2 sets of coordinates Answers (2) You can do this with the pdist2 function. pdist_oneLine. Would be cool to see what you have in python, and how it compares. between each pair of observations in the MX-by-N data matrix X and. 1. In the meantime, try the code below and if it helps you click on the Vote button near my top answer. D = pdist2 (X,Y) returns a matrix D containing the Euclidean distances. , (2, , corresponds to the distance between objects. Moreover, if you desire to find the distance from a fixed point like (x0, y0) other than the origin, you can do the following: distResults = sqrt ( (x1 - x0). Dear MATLAB-Community, I would like to calculate the distances between each entry in M (1 113 486 x 2) and N (1 960 000 x 2) and store the indices for the distances that are within a tolerance val. To save memory on the device, you can separate training and prediction by using kmeans and pdist2, respectively. My one-line implementation of both MATLAB's pdist and pdist2 functions which compute the univariate (pdist) or bivariate (pdist2) Euclidean distances between all pairs of input observations. Fowzi barznji on 16 Mar 2020. 5 seconds julia 0. Rows of X and Y correspond to observations, That is, it works on the ROWS of the matrices. How can I compute the above weighted kernels efficiently in Matlab?D = PDIST2 (X,Y,DISTANCE, 'Largest',K) returns the K largest pairwise distances sorted in descending order. – am304. PixelList); [mindist, minind] = min (distances (:)); %// Now convert this linear index into index1/index2 into your pixel lists. 5,18)). Mapping Toolbox supports a complete workflow for managing geographic data. Define an entry-point function named findNearestCentroid that accepts centroid positions and new data, and then find the nearest cluster by using pdist2. 2 @ServerS Note also that pdist2 can be used with other distances, not just Euclidean – Luis Mendo. linux 网络的配. clear A = rand (132,6); % input matrix diss_mat = pdist (A,'@kullback_leibler_divergence'); % calculate the. within2_max = distances_max > 0 & distances_max < 5; % Erase upper triangle to get rid of redundancy. PostCSS Loader. Go to MATLAB > Preferences > Workspace and ensure the Maximum array size limit is set to 100%. 0. Matlab may process large data sets faster due to its Fortran compiled library files. 计算成对观测值之间的欧几里德距离，并使用 squareform 将距离向量转换为矩阵。. linux 网络的配. This MATLAB function returns the distance between each pair of observations in X and Y using the metric specified by Distance. Saltar al contenido. The Canberra distance between two points u and v is. One immediate difference between the two is that mahal subtracts the sample mean of X from each point in Y before computing distances. Learn more about matlab, distance, command, haversine, coordinates, km, deggrees, calculation, difference I would like to use the command pdist2 in order to compute distance between two geographical coordinates. I was wondering if there is a built in matlab. The euclidean distance between the reference vector and all the elements in the pixel location vector is computed using the MATLAB function "pdist2" and the result is applied to some conditions; however, upon running the code, this function seems to be taking the longest to compute (i. Use matlab's 'pdist' and 'squareform' functions 0 Comments. data = gpuArray (data); mu = gpuArray (mu); dist = pdist2 (data, mu, 'euclidean') Without gpuArrays, there is no problem with using the 2 functions. 0000 0. 使用Matlab计算各种距离. Create distance matrix from the result of pdist. 5 (R2019a)Learn more about cosine similarity, cosine distance, jaccard similarity, jaccard distance, similarity, dissimilarity, bin counts, histogram, histcount, pdist, pdist2, distance, vectors, arrays I would like to assess the similarity between two "bin counts" (that I previously derived through the "histcounts" function), by using the "pdist2. % ZJ is an m2-by-n matrix containing multiple observations. Not super efficient, but does its work. So, you showed the formula for the square of the distance. The problem is how to make it fast like the way we compute the dot product between a pair of samples, one in A and one in B, which is just a matrix multiplication. pdist2 (P1,P2, 'cityblock'); But in my case, I want to use the columns of my. 5 4. Idx = knnsearch (X,Y,Name,Value) returns Idx with additional options specified using one or more name-value pair arguments. 0000 0. 0332 0. In human motion analysis, a commond need is the computation of the distance between defferent point sets. Learn more about matlab, distance, command, haversine, coordinates, km, deggrees, calculation, difference I would like to use the command pdist2 in order to compute distance between two geographical coordinates. distances = triu (distances) nonZeroIndexes = distances > 0; medianDistance = median (distances (nonZeroIndexes)) thresholdValue = medianDistance/2; % Whatever you want. % n = norm (v) returns the Euclidean norm of vector v. ^2) K_sigmoid = tanh (gamma*X*Y' + b); X and Y are matrices where the rows are the data points (vectors).